hậu tố
Học thuậtThân thiện
Definition
- Noun:
- Suffix: A linguistic element (affix) that is added to the end of a word or root (stem) to create a new word or to modify its grammatical function or meaning. It is a type of bound morpheme.
Usage Examples
- Noun:
- Trong tiếng Anh, "-ness" là một hậu tố phổ biến để tạo danh từ từ tính từ, như "happiness" từ "happy". (In English, "-ness" is a common suffix to form nouns from adjectives, like "happiness" from "happy".)
- Từ "slowly" có hậu tố "-ly" biến tính từ "slow" thành trạng từ. (The word "slowly" has the suffix "-ly" turning the adjective "slow" into an adverb.)
- "Hóa" là một hậu tố trong tiếng Việt, ví dụ trong từ "công nghiệp hóa". ("Hóa" is a suffix in Vietnamese, for example in the word "công nghiệp hóa" - industrialization.)
Advanced Usage
- Grammatical Function: Suffixes often indicate grammatical categories such as tense (e.g., "-ed" for past tense), number (e.g., "-s" for plural), or part of speech (e.g., "-tion" to form nouns).
- Việc thêm hậu tố "-er" vào động từ "teach" tạo ra danh từ "teacher". (Adding the suffix "-er" to the verb "teach" creates the noun "teacher".)
- Derivational vs. Inflectional: In linguistics, suffixes can be derivational (creating new words, e.g., "kind" -> "kindness") or inflectional (changing grammatical form without creating a new word, e.g., "walk" -> "walked").
Variants and Related Words
- Tiền tố (Prefix): An affix placed before a word root.
- "Un-" trong "unhappy" là một tiền tố. ("Un-" in "unhappy" is a prefix.)
- Trung tố (Infix): An affix inserted into the middle of a word root. (Less common in English and Vietnamese but exists in some languages.)
- Phụ tố (Affix): A general term for prefixes, suffixes, and infixes.
- Căn tố / Gốc từ (Root / Stem): The core part of a word to which affixes are attached.
Synonyms
- Đuôi từ: A less technical, sometimes colloquial term for suffix.
- Vĩ tố: A more formal, less common synonym for suffix in linguistic contexts.
Related Phrases / Compound Words
- Hệ thống hậu tố (Suffixal system): The set of suffixes in a language and their rules of use.
- Hệ thống hậu tố của tiếng Anh rất phong phú. (The suffixal system of English is very rich.)
- Từ có hậu tố (Suffixed word): A word formed by adding a suffix.
- "Development" là một từ có hậu tố "-ment". ("Development" is a word with the suffix "-ment".)
Notes
- In Vietnamese, while the term hậu tố is used in linguistics, many common Vietnamese "suffixes" like "-hóa", "-học", "-gia" are often analyzed as bound morphemes or semi-words that follow a root to form compound words, rather than purely grammatical suffixes like in Indo-European languages. The concept is applied in the analysis of Vietnamese vocabulary and borrowed terms.